今天我主要给大家介绍一下以下几个函数的使用方法
1. 自动汇总函数rollup，cube，
2. rank 函数， rank，dense_rank，row_number
3. lag，lead函数
4. sum，avg，的移动增加，移动平均数
5. ratio_to_report报表处理函数
6. first，last取基数的分析函数
基础数据
insert into t values ('200405', 5761, 'G', 7393344.04);
insert into t values ('200405', 5762 ,'G', 6315075.96);
insert into t values ('200405', 5762 ,'J', 6328716.15);
insert into t values ('200405', 5763 ,'G', 8861742.59);
insert into t values ('200405', 5763 ,'J', 7788036.32);
insert into t values ('200405', 5764 ,'G', 6028670.45);
insert into t values ('200405', 5764 ,'J', 6459121.49);
insert into t values ('200405', 5765 ,'G', 13156065.77);
insert into t values ('200405', 5765 ,'J', 11901671.70);
insert into t values ('200406', 5761 ,'G', 7614587.96);
insert into t values ('200406', 5761 ,'J', 5704343.05);
insert into t values ('200406', 5762 ,'G', 6556992.60);
insert into t values ('200406', 5762 ,'J', 6238068.05);
insert into t values ('200406', 5763 ,'G', 9130055.46);
insert into t values ('200406', 5763 ,'J', 7990460.25);
insert into t values ('200406', 5764 ,'G', 6387706.01);
insert into t values ('200406', 5764 ,'J', 6907481.66);
insert into t values ('200406', 5765 ,'G', 13562968.81);
insert into t values ('200406', 5765 ,'J', 12495492.50);
insert into t values ('200407', 5761 ,'G', 7987050.65);
insert into t values ('200407', 5761 ,'J', 5723215.28);
insert into t values ('200407', 5762 ,'G', 6833096.68);
insert into t values ('200407', 5762 ,'J', 6391201.44);
insert into t values ('200407', 5763 ,'G', 9410815.91);
insert into t values ('200407', 5763 ,'J', 8076677.41);
insert into t values ('200407', 5764 ,'G', 6456433.23);
insert into t values ('200407', 5764 ,'J', 6987660.53);
insert into t values ('200407', 5765 ,'G', 14000101.20);
insert into t values ('200407', 5765 ,'J', 12301780.20);
insert into t values ('200408', 5761 ,'G', 8085170.84);
insert into t values ('200408', 5761 ,'J', 6050611.37);
insert into t values ('200408', 5762 ,'G', 6854584.22);
insert into t values ('200408', 5762 ,'J', 6521884.50);
insert into t values ('200408', 5763 ,'G', 9468707.65);
insert into t values ('200408', 5763 ,'J', 8460049.43);
insert into t values ('200408', 5764 ,'G', 6587559.23);
insert into t values ('200408', 5764 ,'J', 7342135.86);
insert into t values ('200408', 5765 ,'G', 14450586.63);
insert into t values ('200408', 5765 ,'J', 12680052.38);
1. 使用rollup函数的介绍
下面是直接使用普通sql语句求出各地区的汇总数据的例子
06:41:36 SQL> set autot on
06:43:36 SQL> select area_code,sum(local_fare) local_fare
06:43:50 2 from t
06:43:51 3 group by area_code
06:43:57 4 union all
06:44:00 5 select '合计' area_code,sum(local_fare) local_fare
06:44:06 6 from t
06:44:08 7 /
AREA_CODE LOCAL_FARE
---------- --------------
5761 54225413.04
5762 52039619.60
5763 69186545.02
5764 53156768.46
5765 104548719.19
合计 333157065.31
6 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.03
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=ALL_ROWS (Cost=7 Card=1310 Bytes=
24884)
1 0 UNION-ALL
2 1 SORT (GROUP BY) (Cost=5 Card=1309 Bytes=24871)
3 2 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'T' (Cost=2 Card=1309 Bytes=248
71)
4 1 SORT (AGGREGATE)
5 4 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'T' (Cost=2 Card=1309 Bytes=170
17)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
6 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
561 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
503 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
1 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
6 rows processed
下面是使用分析函数rollup得出的汇总数据的例子
06:44:09 SQL> select nvl(area_code,'合计') area_code,sum(local_fare) local_fare
06:45:26 2 from t
06:45:30 3 group by rollup(nvl(area_code,'合计'))
06:45:50 4 /
AREA_CODE LOCAL_FARE
---------- --------------
5761 54225413.04
5762 52039619.60
5763 69186545.02
5764 53156768.46
5765 104548719.19
333157065.31
6 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.00
Execution Plan
----------------------------------------------------------
0 SELECT STATEMENT Optimizer=ALL_ROWS (Cost=5 Card=1309 Bytes=
24871)
1 0 SORT (GROUP BY ROLLUP) (Cost=5 Card=1309 Bytes=24871)
2 1 TABLE ACCESS (FULL) OF 'T' (Cost=2 Card=1309 Bytes=24871
)
Statistics
----------------------------------------------------------
0 recursive calls
0 db block gets
4 consistent gets
0 physical reads
0 redo size
557 bytes sent via SQL*Net to client
503 bytes received via SQL*Net from client
2 SQL*Net roundtrips to/from client
1 sorts (memory)
0 sorts (disk)
6 rows processed
从上面的例子我们不难看出使用rollup函数，系统的sql语句更加简单，耗用的资源更少，从6个consistent gets降到4个consistent gets，如果基表很大的话，结果就可想而知了。
1. 使用cube函数的介绍
Quote：为了介绍cube函数我们再来看看另外一个使用rollup的例子
06:53:00 SQL> select area_code,bill_month,sum(local_fare) local_fare
06:53:37 2 from t
06:53:38 3 group by rollup(area_code,bill_month)
06:53:49 4 /
AREA_CODE BILL_MONTH LOCAL_FARE
---------- --------------- --------------
5761 200405 13060433.89
5761 200406 13318931.01
5761 200407 13710265.93
5761 200408 14135782.21
5761 54225413.04
5762 200405 12643792.11
5762 200406 12795060.65
5762 200407 13224298.12
5762 200408 13376468.72
......
5765 200405 25057737.47
5765 200406 26058461.31
5765 200407 26301881.40
5765 200408 27130639.01
5765 104548719.19
333157065.31
26 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.00
系统只是根据rollup的第一个参数area_code对结果集的数据做了汇总处理，而没有对bill_month做汇总分析处理，cube函数就是为了这个而设计的。
下面，让我们看看使用cube函数的结果
06:58:02 SQL> select area_code,bill_month,sum(local_fare) local_fare
06:58:30 2 from t
06:58:32 3 group by cube(area_code,bill_month)
06:58:42 4 order by area_code,bill_month nulls last
06:58:57 5 /
AREA_CODE BILL_MONTH LOCAL_FARE
---------- --------------- --------------
5761 200405 13060.43
5761 200406 13318.93
5761 200407 13710.27
5761 200408 14135.78
5761 54225.41
5762 200405 12643.79
5762 200406 12795.06
5762 200407 13224.30
5762 200408 13376.47
......
5765 200405 25057.74
5765 200406 26058.46
5765 200407 26301.88
5765 200408 27130.64
5765 104548.72
200405 79899.53
200406 82588.15
200407 84168.03
200408 86501.34
333157.05
30 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.01
可以看到，在cube函数的输出结果比使用rollup多出了几行统计数据。这就是cube函数根据bill_month做的汇总统计结果
1 rollup 和 cube函数的再深入
Quote：从上面的结果中我们很容易发现，每个统计数据所对应的行都会出现null，我们如何来区分到底是根据那个字段做的汇总呢，这时候，oracle的grouping函数就粉墨登场了。
如果当前的汇总记录是利用该字段得出的，grouping函数就会返回1，否则返回0
1 select decode(grouping(area_code),1,'all area',to_char(area_code)) area_code,
2 decode(grouping(bill_month),1,'all month',bill_month) bill_month,
3 sum(local_fare) local_fare
4 from t
5 group by cube(area_code,bill_month)
6* order by area_code,bill_month nulls last
07:07:29 SQL> /
AREA_CODE BILL_MONTH LOCAL_FARE
---------- --------------- --------------
5761 200405 13060.43
5761 200406 13318.93
5761 200407 13710.27
5761 200408 14135.78
5761 all month 54225.41
5762 200405 12643.79
5762 200406 12795.06
5762 200407 13224.30
5762 200408 13376.47
5762 all month 52039.62
......
5765 200405 25057.74
5765 200406 26058.46
5765 200407 26301.88
5765 200408 27130.64
5765 all month 104548.72
all area 200405 79899.53
all area 200406 82588.15
all area 200407 84168.03
all area 200408 86501.34
all area all month 333157.05
30 rows selected.
Elapsed: 00:00:00.01
07:07:31 SQL>
可以看到，所有的空值现在都根据grouping函数做出了很好的区分，这样利用rollup，cube和grouping函数，我们做数据统计的时候就可以轻松很多了。