D Uninterruptible sleep (usually IO)
R Running or runnable (on run queue)
S Interruptible sleep (waiting for an event to complete)
T Stopped, either by a job control signal or because it is being traced.
W paging (not valid since the 2.6.xx kernel)
X dead (should never be seen)
Z Defunct (”zombie”) process, terminated but not reaped by its parent.
小写字母及其它符号:
< high-priority (not nice to other users)
N low-priority (nice to other users)
L has pages locked into memory (for real-time and custom IO)
s is a session leader
l is multi-threaded (using CLONE_THREAD, like NPTL pthreads do)
+ is in the foreground process group
上进程有5种状态:
1. 运行(正在运行或在运行队列中等待)
2. 中断(休眠中, 受阻, 在等待某个条件的形成或接受到信号)
3. 不可中断(收到信号不唤醒和不可运行, 进程必须等待直到有中断发生)
4. 僵死(进程已终止, 但进程描述符存在, 直到父进程调用wait4()系统调用后释放)
5. 停止(进程收到SIGSTOP, SIGSTP, SIGTIN, SIGTOU信号后停止运行运行)
ps工具标识进程的5种状态码:
D 不可中断 uninterruptible sleep (usually IO)
R 运行 runnable (on run queue)
S 中断 sleeping
T 停止 traced or stopped
Z 僵死 a defunct (”zombie”) process
注: 其它状态还包括W(无驻留页), <(高优先级进程), N(低优先级进程), L(内存锁页).
使用ps格式输出来查看进程状态:
ps -eo user,stat..,cmd
user 用户名
uid 用户号
pid 进程号
ppid 父进程号
size 内存大小, Kbytes字节.
vsize 总虚拟内存大小, bytes字节(包含code+data+stack)
share 总共享页数
nice 进程优先级(缺省为0, 最大为-20)
priority(pri) 内核调度优先级
pmem 进程分享的物理内存数的百分比
trs 程序执行代码驻留大小
rss 进程使用的总物理内存数, Kbytes字节
time 进程执行起到现在总的CPU暂用时间
stat 进程状态
cmd(args) 执行命令的简单格式
例子:
查看当前系统进程的uid,pid,stat,pri, 以uid号排序.
ps -eo pid,stat,pri,uid –sort uid
查看当前系统进程的user,pid,stat,rss,args, 以rss排序.
ps -eo user,pid,stat,rss,args –sort rss
参考:
1. Linux Kernel Development Second Edition -
Ch3-1 Process Descriptor and the Task Structure
2. Linux man page for ps. 炫浪学院 Linux教程