iostat的默认参数是tdc(terminal, disk, and CPU)。如果任何其他的选项被指定,这个默认参数将被完全替代,例如,iostat -d将只反 映磁盘的统计结果。
语法: 基本语法: iostat interval count
option - 让你指定所需信息的设备,像磁盘、cpu或者终端(-d , -c , -t or -tdc ) 。x 选项给出了完整的统计结果(gives the extended
statistic)。
interval - 在两个samples之间的时间(秒)。
count - 就是需要统计几次
例子: $ iostat -xtc 5 2
extended disk statistics tty cpu
disk r/s w/s Kr/s Kw/s wait actv svc_t %w %b tin tout us sy wt id
sd0 2.6 3.0 20.7 22.7 0.1 0.2 59.2 6 19 0 84 3 85 11 0
sd1 4.2 1.0 33.5 8.0 0.0 0.2 47.2 2 23
sd2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0 0
sd3 10.2 1.6 51.4 12.8 0.1 0.3 31.2 3 31
The fields have the following meanings:
disk name of the disk
r/s reads per second
w/s writes per second
Kr/s kilobytes read per second
Kw/s kilobytes written per second
wait average number of transactions waiting for service (Q length)
actv average number of transactions actively
being serviced (removed from the
queue but not yet
completed)
%w percent of time there are transactions waiting
for service (queue non-empty)
%b percent of time the disk is busy (transactions
in progress)
Results and Solutions:
从iostat输出结果中需要注意的值:
Reads/writes per second (r/s , w/s)
Percentage busy (%b)
Service time (svc_t)
如果磁盘显示长时间的高reads/writes,并且磁盘的percentage busy (%b)也远大于5%,同时average service time (svc_t)也远大于30
milliseconds,这以下的措施需要被执行:
1.)调整应用,令其使用磁盘i/o更加有效率,可以通过修改磁盘队列、使用应用服务器的cache
2.)将文件系统分布到2个或多个磁盘上,并使用volume manager/disksuite的条带化特点
3.) 增加系统参数值,如inode cache , ufs_ninode。Increase the system parameter values for inode cache , ufs_ninode , which
is Number of inodes to be held in memory. Inodes are cached globally (for UFS), not on a per-file system basis
4.) 将文件系统移到更快的磁盘/控制器,或者用更好的设备来代替
vmstat - vmstat反映了进程的虚拟内存、虚拟内存、磁盘、trap(是不是翻译成中断??)和cpu的活动情况
在多cpu系统中,vmstat在输出结果中平均了cpu数量。For per-process statistics .如果没有选项,vmstat显示一行虚拟内存活动的概要
结果,是从系统启动时开始的。
语法: vmstat interval count
option - 让你指定所需的信息类型,例如 paging -p , cache -c ,.interrupt -i etc.
如果没有指定选项,将会显示进程、内存、页、磁盘、中断和cpu信息
interval - 同iostat
count - 同iostat
例子
The following command displays a summary of what the system
is doing every five seconds.
example% vmstat 5
procs memory page disk faults cpu
r b w swap free re mf pi p fr de sr s0 s1 s2 s3 in sy cs us sy id
0 0 0 11456 4120 1 41 19 1 3 0 2 0 4 0 0 48 112 130 4 14 82
0 0 1 10132 4280 0 4 44 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 211 230 144 3 35 62
0 0 1 10132 4616 0 0 20 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 0 150 172 146 3 33 64
0 0 1 10132 5292 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 21 0 0 165 105 130 1 21 78
The fields of vmstat's display are
procs
r in run queue
b blocked for resources I/O, paging etc.
w swapped
memory (in Kbytes)
swap - amount of swap space currently available
free - size of the free list
page ( in units per second).
re page reclaims - see -S option for how this field is modified.
mf minor faults - see -S option for how this field is modified.
pi kilobytes paged in
po kilobytes paged out
fr kilobytes freed
de anticipated short-term memory shortfall (Kbytes)
sr pages scanned by clock algorithm
disk ( operations per second )
There are slots for up to four disks, labeled with a single letter and number.
The letter indicates the type of disk (s = SCSI, i = IPI, etc) . The number is
the logical unit number.
faults
in (non clock) device interrupts
sy system calls
cs CPU context switches
cpu - breakdown of percentage usage of CPU time. On multiprocessors this is an a
verage across all processors.
us user time
sy system time
id idle time
结果和解决方案: A. CPU issues:
下面几列需要被察看,以确定cpu是否有问题
Processes in the run queue (procs r)
User time (cpu us)
System time (cpu sy)
Idle time (cpu id)
procs cpu
r b w us sy id
0 0 0 4 14 82
0 0 1 3 35 62
0 0 1 3 33 64
0 0 1 1 21 78
问题情况: 1.) 如果processes in run queue (procs r)的数量远大于系统中cpu的数量,将会使系统便慢。
2.) 如果这个数量是cpu的4倍的话,说明系统正面临cpu能力短缺,这将使系统运行速度大幅度降低
3.) 如果cpu的idle时间经常为0的话,或者系统占用时间(cpu sy)是用户占用时间(cpu us)两辈的话,系统面临缺少cpu资源
解决方案 : 解决这些情况,涉及到调整应用程序,使其能更有效的使用cpu,同时增加cpu的能力或数量。
B. Memory Issues:
内存的瓶颈取决于scan rate (sr) 。scan rate是每秒时钟对页的扫描 (he scan rate is the pages scanned by the clock algorithm per
second.)如果 scan rate (sr)一直大于200 pages每秒,这时就是内存短缺的现实。
解决方案 : 1. 调整应用和服务器,使其能更好的使用memory和cache
2. 增加系统内存
dmidecode类似AIX的lsdev,所有的设备基本都可以看到。