环境:
os: linux 9
oracle: oracle9i
primary: 1.1.1.1
standby: 1.1.1.2 (主副主机都是两台普通的pc主机)
第一部分 oracle9i 在linux9上的安装
本来我不想写这方面的东东,但是对比oracl9i在solaris 下和在linux下安装,oracle9i 在linux9上的安装真的是要麻烦很多,下面我把我遇到的问题(好像也是大部分oracle初学者安装时遇到的问题)简要的说一下,oracle9i 在linux9上的安装也折腾了我好几个月。
1)运行runinstaller的时候报错。
-bash-2.05b$ ./runInstaller
-bash-2.05b$ Initializing Java Virtual Machine from /tmp/OraInstall2005-01-20_06-39-06PM/jre/bin/java. Please wait...
/tmp/OraInstall2005-01-20_06-39-06PM/jre/bin/i386/native_threads/java: error while loading shared libraries: libstdc++-libc6.1-1.so.2: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
Oracle Net configuration Assistant
Oracle Database configuration Assistant
Agent configuration Assistant
三个工具的details错误信息都是:
/home/oracle/jre/1.1.8/bin../lib/i686/native_threads/libzip.so :symbol errno,version GLIBC_2.0 not definded in file libc.so.6 with link time reference(libzip.so)
unable to initialize threads: cannot find class java/lang/Thread
Could not create java VM
解决方法:
在运行runInstaller之前做下面的步骤。
export LD_ASSUME_KERNEL=2.4.19
ignore your kernal version
下载文件libcwait.c ftp://people.redhat.com/drepper/libcwait.c (通过IE无法下载的话,就用命令行)用gcc -shared -o libcwait.so -fpic -O2 libcwait.c进行编译然后export LD_PRELOAD=/$path/libcwait.so
上面的方法能使Oracle Net configuration Assistant ,Oracle Database configuration Assistant 安装成功。
修复Agent configuration Assistant不能配置成功的方法:请参考chinaunix上的
在RHAS3上成功安装Oracle9204作者:renxiao2003
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运行runInstaller之后,出现安装组件的选择结果,这时点“Install”,开始安装,复制文件,进度条在一点一点的增加,当安装并link完后,出现配置工具界面,agent服务不能配置成功,忽略不用管,在下面修复。DBCA,NETCA,HTTP都正确配置完毕哦。呵呵。下面开始修复错误。其实要是把各个界面抓取下来就更好了。
6、安装p3238244_9204_LINUX.zip补丁
此补丁也是从http://metalink.oracle.com下下载,同时要下载一个opatch软件包:p2617419_220_GENERIC.zip,它主要是用来悠agent服务不能启动的错误。
过程如下:[quote:864939f94a]su - oracle
$ cp p2617419_210_GENERIC.zip /tmp
$ cd /tmp
$ unzip p2617419_210_GENERIC.zip
$ export PATH=$PATH:/tmp/OPatch
$ export PATH=$PATH:/sbin # the patch needs "fuser" which is located in /sbin
$ unzip p3238244_9204_LINUX.zip
$ cd 3238244
$ opatch apply
[/quote:864939f94a]补丁修复完成,需要relinked一个.mk文件。
$ cd $ORACLE_HOME/network/lib
$ make -f ins_oemagent.mk install
现在在运行agentctl start,看是不是可以成功运行agent服务了啊,可以用stop、status来停止此服务或者检查服务的状态。
在这个成功之后,居然不能启动Oracle,说是不能找到初始化文件,没办法,我用dbca先删除了原来安装时建立的库,再重新建立了数据库。
7、运行dbca来创建数据库。呵呵,一路畅通,完成数据库的安装。
希望你也能成功安装。
运行runInstaller后,安装界面出来出现乱码
export LANG=en_us 再运行runInstaller (这是最简单实用的办法)
报/etc/oratab 错误
如果在机器上以前安装过,再一次安装的时候如果报/etc/oratab 错误。请将/etc/oratab 清空(删除也可)
cp /dev/null /etc/oratab
(4)然后开始建库,当建库到46%时会出现共享内存问题,
ORA-27123: unable to attach to shared memory segment
这时需要给内核指定内存,可以:
echo 4294967295 >/proc/sys/kernel/shmmax
或者
编辑/etc/sysctl.conf
kernel.shmmax=4294967295
这样就可以数据库的安装。
运行: 要启动oracle要先运行数据库监听程序:lsnrctl start 关闭:lsnrctl stop
运行oemapp console可以打开oracle企业管理器工具
还有一些错误,可能需要修改/etc/hosts,/etc/sysctl.conf,请大家在google上搜一下按照网友提示的方法进行修改。
另外主副主机的目录设置成一样。都将oracle用户主目录设为/home/oracle.主副主机的数据库名字都设为oracle,实例名也都设为一样,都设为oracle(申明一点,是否必须将主副主机的数据库名字实例名都设为相同,我曾在cu上发过贴子问过,好像大家都说不需要,但我们这的dba说是必须,反正我在这里设的是相同。
第二步:Dataguard配置
首先将主副两主机都设为归档模式。
1. 主节点备份并生成备用数据库控制文件
登陆主节点,进行数据库备份,并生成备用数据库控制文件
[oracle@primary]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba" SQL> startup SQL> shutdown immediate SQL> exit [oracle@primary]pwd /home/oracle [oracle@primary]$ ls admin dictionary.ora jre oradata oraInventory oui product soft [oracle@primary]tar -cvf oradata.tar oradata [oracle@primary]$ ls -l *.tar -rw-r--r-- 1 oracle dba 576512000 Aug 16 10:22 oradata.tar [oracle@primary]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba" SQL> startup SQL> archive log list; Database log mode Archive Mode Automatic archival Enabled Archive destination /home/oracle/oradata/primary/archive Oldest online log sequence 88 Next log sequence to archive 90 Current log sequence 90 SQL> alter database create standby controlfile as '/home/oracle/standby.ctl'; Database altered. SQL> exit [oracle@primary] |
3. 登陆备用节点(standby),ftp获得primary主机的数据库文件(即oradata.tar文件)、备用控制文件(/home/oracle/standby.ctl) ,口令文件( $ORACLE_HOME/dbs/下的orapworacle)传到standby里的相应位置。
具体步骤:
3.1 在standby的/home/oracle/oradata下,原来有一个oracle的文件夹(里面是该主机下的dbf,redolog文件),再新建一个primary文件夹。将primary主机的oradata.tar解开的文件全部直接(即primary不要再有文件夹)放到primary下,将刚生成的备用控制文件(/home/oracle/standby.ctl)也放到primary下。
3.2 在standby的ORACLE_HOME/dbs/下,先将以前的orapworacle备份一下(改个名字即可),再将primary的$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/下的orapworacle 文件ftp放到standby的ORACLE_HOME/dbs/下.
说明一下,我在查阅eygle的大作及很多人的相关文章,都没有提到这一点,但如果没做这一步的话,再后面的启动备用数据库的时候,即在
[oracle@eygle primary]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
SQL> startup nomount;
SQL> alter database mount standby database;
SQL> alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session;
这一步时就会报ORA-01991 错误,说是Invalid passwd file.询问我们的dba,说是必须要用primary的orapworacle来替换standby的. 我试过,这样做了后就OK了。
所以我这在这里就把primary的orapworacle来替换standby的orapworacl也当作一步必须步骤,但我真的不能肯定这一步是否是必须的,如果不是必须的,为何我做这一步,总会报错。如果是必须的,为何eygle和其他大牛的大作里都没有提到这一步,难道是因为这个太简单吗?? 我真的是有些疑惑。如果哪位大牛看到这,请给我一个肯定的回答,我不胜感激。
在standby主机的$oracle/home/admin下原来有oracle目录。现在新建
primary目录,再在primary目录下新建bdump,cdump,udump.
Primary的参数文件
oracle@primary_andy $cat .bash_profile # .bash_profile # Get the aliases and functions #if [ -f ~/.bashrc ]; then # . ~/.bashrc #fi # User specific environment and startup programs #export BASH_ENV=$HOME/.bashrc PATH=$PATH:/home/oracle/product/9.2.0/bin:$oracle_home/jre/bin:/opt/SUNWspro/ bin:/usr/bin:/usr/ccs/bin:/usr/ucb:/etc:/usr/local/bin:/usr/bin/saved: export PATH unset USERNAME ORACLE_OWNER=oracle ORACLE_BASE=/home/oracle export ORACLE_BASE ORACLE_HOME=/home/oracle/product/9.2.0 export ORACLE_HOME LANG= LC_ALL= ORACLE_SID=oracle export ORACLE_SID TNS_ADMIN=/homehttp://oracle.chinaitlab.com/config/9.2.0; export TNS_ADMIN NLS_LANG=american_america.ZHS16GBK; export NLS_LANG #ORA_NLS33=$Oracle_HOME/ocommon/nls/admin/data; export ORA_NLS33 CLASSPATH=$Oracle_HOME/JRE:$Oracle_HOME/jlib:$Oracle_HOME/rdbms/jlib:/opt/j2sdk_nb/j2sdk1.4.2/bin export CLASSPATH TMPDIR=/tmp;export TMPDIR umask 022 LD_LIBRARY_PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/lib:/lib:/lib/tls:/lib/i686:/usr/openwin/lib:/usr/dt/lib export LD_LIBRARY_PATH export LD_PRELOAD=/home/oracle/libcwait.so; export LD_ASSUME_KERNEL=2.4.19; DISPLAY=1.1.1.3:0.0;export DISPLAY; export PS1="\u@\H $" #cat initoracle.ora_primary *.aq_tm_processes=1 *.background_dump_dest='/home/oracle/admin/oracle/bdump' *.compatible='9.2.0.0.0' *.control_files='/home/oracle/oradata/oracle/control01.ctl','/home/oracle/oradata/oracle/c ontrol02.ctl','/home/oracle/oradata/oracle/control03.ctl' *.core_dump_dest='/home/oracle/admin/oracle/cdump' *.db_block_size=8192 *.db_cache_size=33554432 *.db_domain='' *.db_file_multiblock_read_count=16 *.db_name='oracle' *.dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=oracleXDB)' *.fast_start_mttr_target=300 *.hash_join_enabled=TRUE *.instance_name='oracle' *.java_pool_size=83886080 *.job_queue_processes=10 *.large_pool_size=16777216 *.log_archive_dest_1='LOCATION=/home/oracle/oradata/archivelog/' *.log_archive_dest_2='service=standby mandatory reopen=60' *.log_archive_dest_state_1='ENABLE' *.log_archive_format='log_%t_%s.arc' *.log_archive_start=TRUE *.open_cursors=300 *.pga_aggregate_target=25165824 *.processes=150 *.query_rewrite_enabled='FALSE' *.remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE' *.shared_pool_size=83886080 *.sort_area_size=524288 *.star_transformation_enabled='FALSE' *.timed_statistics=TRUE *.undo_management='AUTO' *.undo_retention=10800 *.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1' *.user_dump_dest='/home/oracle/admin/oracle/udump' |
修改standby主机的initoracle.ora文件(先备份),我的initoracle.ora如下,供参考
*.aq_tm_processes=1 *.background_dump_dest='/home/oracle/admin/primary/bdump' *.compatible='9.2.0.0.0' *.control_files='/home/oracle/oradata/primary/standby.ctl' *.core_dump_dest='/home/oracle/admin/primary/cdump' *.db_block_size=8192 *.db_cache_size=33554432 *.db_domain='' *.db_file_multiblock_read_count=16 *.db_name='oracle' *.dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=oracleXDB)' *.fast_start_mttr_target=300 *.hash_join_enabled=TRUE *.instance_name='oracle' *.java_pool_size=83886080 *.job_queue_processes=10 *.large_pool_size=16777216 *.open_cursors=300 *.pga_aggregate_target=25165824 *.processes=150 *.query_rewrite_enabled='FALSE' *.remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE' *.shared_pool_size=83886080 *.sort_area_size=524288 *.star_transformation_enabled='FALSE' *.timed_statistics=TRUE *.undo_management='AUTO' *.undo_retention=10800 *.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1' *.user_dump_dest='/home/oracle/admin/primary/udump' *.log_archive_format=log_%t_%s.arc *.log_archive_start=TRUE *.STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT=AUTO *.log_archive_dest_1='LOCATION=/home/oracle/oradata/archivelog/' *.log_archive_dest_state_1 = ENABLE *.fal_server='primary' *.fal_client='standby' *.DB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT=("/home/oracle/oradata/oracle","/home/oracle/oradata/primary") ----(主辅数据库数据文件相互转换的目录) *.STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT=AUTO 即可实现重命名主库的数据文件!! *.LOG_FILE_NAME_CONVERT=("/home/oracle/oradata/archivelog","/home/oracle/oradata/archivelog") ----(主辅数据库联机日志redolog相互转换的目录) *.STANDBY_ARCHIVE_DEST=/home/oracle/oradata/archivelog ----(从主数据库产生的archivelog传到辅数据库的目录) |
4. 配置主节点(primary主机上)的tnsnames.ora文件
primary=(description= (address= (protocol=tcp) (port=1521) (host=1.1.1.1)) (connect_data= (SID=oracle))) standby=(description= (address= (protocol=tcp) (port=1521) (host=1.1.1.2)) (connect_data= (SID=oracle))) |
同样,在副节点(standby) 的tnsnames.ora文件
5. 在副节点(standby)上配置listener.ora文件, 添加监听服务standby_listener,在相应的节里添加有关的内容.
SID_LIST_LISTENER = (SID_LIST = (SID_DESC = (SID_NAME = oracle) (GLOBAL_DBNAME = oracle) (ORACLE_HOME = /home/oracle/oradata) ) ) LISTENER = (DESCRIPTION_LIST = (DESCRIPTION = (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = TCP)(HOST = standby)(PORT = 1521)) ) ) |
在主副库上启动lsnrctl,
-bash-2.05b$ lsnrctl
LSNRCTL>start # 启动监听服务
6.在主备节点用tnsping测试网络连通性
在primary机上
-bash-2.05b$ tnsping primary
-bash-2.05b$ tnsping standby
在standby机上
-bash-2.05b$ tnsping primary
-bash-2.05b$ tnsping standby
7. 启动副数据库
sql> startup nomount; SQL> alter database mount standby database; Database altered. SQL> alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session; Database altered. |
9.主辅数据库的切换(停止主数据库,启用备用数据库)
修改primary的参数文件initoracle.ora(先做好备份)
增加 *.standby_archive_dest='/home/oracle/oradata/standbyarch' *.fal_server='standby' *.fal_client='primary' *.DB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT=("/home/oracle/oradata/primary","/home/oracle/oradata/oracle") *.LOG_FILE_NAME_CONVERT=("/home/oracle/oradata/archivelog","/home/oracle/oradata/archivelog") *.STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT='AUTO' 删除 log_archive_dest_2参数 修改standby的参数文件initoracle.ora(先做好备份) 增加 *.log_archive_dest_2='service=primary mandatory reopen=60' *.log_archive_dest_state_2='ENABLE' 删除 *.STANDBY_ARCHIVE_DEST=/home/oracle/oradata/archivelog *.fal_server='standby' *.fal_client='primary' *.DB_FILE_NAME_CONVERT=("/home/oracle/oradata/primary","/home/oracle/oradata/oracle") *.LOG_FILE_NAME_CONVERT=("/home/oracle/oradata/archivelog","/home/oracle/oradata/archivelog") *.STANDBY_FILE_MANAGEMENT=AUTO 在primary主机上执行 SQL> alter database commit to switchover to physical standby with session shutdown ; Database altered. 察看primary主机上的后台日志 ……………………………. SQL> shutdown immediate ORA-01507: database not mounted ORACLE instance shut down. 以备用模式(standby)启用主数据 SQL> create spfile from pfile; SQL> startup nomount; SQL>show parameter standby_file_management; SQL> alter database mount standby database; Database altered. 打开备用数据库(在standby主机上执行) [oracle@standby oracle]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba" SQL> alter database commit to switchover to primary with session shutdown ; Database altered. SQL> shutdown immediate; ORA-01507: database not mounted ORACLE instance shut down SQL>create spfile from pfile; SQL> startup; …… Database mounted. Database opened. SQL> select SEQUENCE#,GROUP#,STATUS from v$log; SQL> select sequence#,group#,status from v$log; SEQUENCE# GROUP# STATUS ---------- ---------- -------------------------------- 72 1 INACTIVE 73 2 INACTIVE 74 3 CURRENT SQL> alter system switch logfile; System altered. SQL> select sequence#,group#,status from v$log; SEQUENCE# GROUP# STATUS ---------- ---------- -------------------------------- 75 1 CURRENT 73 2 INACTIVE 74 3 ACTIVE 在primary主机上执行 SQL> ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE DISCONNECT FROM SESSION; Database altered. 在primary主机上观察日志应用情况 [oracle@primary bdump]$ tail -f alert_oracle.log Starting datafile 2 recovery in thread 1 sequence 93 Datafile 2: '/opt/oracle/oradata/primary/undotbs01.dbf' Starting datafile 3 recovery in thread 1 sequence 93 Datafile 3: '/opt/oracle/oradata/primary/users01.dbf' ………………………………………………. Media recover |
10.现在可做一个测试,在standby主机上进行数据修改(standby主机现在做primary)
SQL> create table t as select * from dba_users; Table created. SQL> alter system switch logfile; System altered. 在从库上(primary主机上)以read only打开数据库,执行查询 SQL> select username from t; select username from t * ERROR at line 1: ORA-01219: database not open: queries allowed on fixed tables/views only SQL> ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE CANCEL; Database altered. SQL> ALTER DATABASE OPEN READ ONLY; Database altered. SQL> select username from t; USERNAME ------------------------------ SYS SYSTEM DBSNMP OUTLN WMSYS SQL> ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE DISCONNECT FROM SESSION; Database altered. |
常见问题
至此,主副的配置已基本完成,可做以下实验来验证配置的准确性。
1. 在主库上新建一个表,看修改时候能马上传到副库上
2. 在主库上新建一个表空间,新增加一个datafile,看修改时候能马上传到副库上(应该是只要在副库上执行恢复模式,就能在副库上看到新建的表空间
3. 在主库上新建一个临时表空间,rename datafile 均不能应用到副库上.
4. 应当实时察看standby库的alert文件,就能清晰明了地知道主副更新的情况。
5. 关于启动关闭顺序
启动的时候,先从库的listener,再启动从库,再启动主库的listener,再主库
关闭的时候,先关闭主库,再启动从库。
6. 8i副数据库切换为主的话,将无法再切为副。主数据库也是! 也就是说,只能完成一次切换,这叫failover!9i可实现主副数据库任意切换,这叫switchover
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第六点我理解得有些问题,看了版主Rollingpig在itpub上的结论,觉得他说的应该是对的,现将他的陈述列在下面!
Rollingpig
我给个结论吧。在9i 的dataguad环境中:
1。Switch Over 必须是Primary 正常,并且是必须Primary 主动先Switch 成 standby. 然后standby 才能switch 成primary.
2。如果需要作成primary出问题,standby 能接管的话,必须作 failover ,而不是Switch Over
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7. 察看主机当前的运行状态:
SQL> select name,open_mode,PROTECTION_MODE,DATABASE_ROLE from v$database;
NAME OPEN_MODE PROTECTION_MODE DATABASE_ROLE
--------- ---------- -------------------- ----------------
PRIMARY MOUNTED MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE PHYSICAL STANDBY
8.查看主数据库日志是否全部传送到副数据库,可查看v$archive_gap,更简单的方法是查看各自主机的日志归档目录的日志序号即可。
11. 常用的一些方法:
可在副数据库上运行一些脚本,确保主数据库上的更新能及时在副数据库上得到实现。可将以下脚本放在crontab表中。
oracle@standby $cat refresh (刷新脚本) ORACLE_SID=oracle ORACLE_HOME=/home/oracle/product/9.2.0 export ORACLE_SID ORACLE_HOME DATE=`date '+%Y%m%d'` touch /home/oracle/refresh_$DATE.log $ORACLE_HOME/bin/sqlplus /nolog << EOF spool /home/oracle/refresh_$DATE.log connect sys/abc123 as sysdba shutdown immediate; quit EOF $ORACLE_HOME/bin/sqlplus /nolog << EOF2 spool /home/oracle/refresh_2_$DATE.log connect sys/abc123 as sysdba startup nomount pfile=$ORACLE_HOME/dbs/initoracle.ora; alter database mount standby database; alter database set standby database to maximize performance; alter database recover managed standby database disconnect from session; spool off EOF2 oracle@standby $cat readonly (更新脚本) #!/bin/sh ORACLE_SID=oracle ORACLE_HOME=/home/oracle/product/9.2.0 export ORACLE_SID ORACLE_HOME $ORACLE_HOME/bin/sqlplus /nolog << EOF spool /home/oracle/refresh-read.log connect sys/abc123 as sysdba rem change from recover mode to read-only alter database recover managed standby database cancel; alter database open read only ; spool off EOF |
switchover过程:
12.把数据库切换回到主节点
先将standby此时的initoracle.ora恢复为以前是standby时的参数。
在主节点(standby主机上)
SQL> alter database commit to switchover to physical standby; Database altered. SQL> shutdown immediate ORA-01507: database not mounted statORACLE instance shut down. SQL> startup nomount pfile=/home/oracle/product/9.2.0/dbs/initoracle.ora; ; ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 135337420 bytes Fixed Size 452044 bytes Variable Size 109051904 bytes Database Buffers 25165824 bytes Redo Buffers 667648 bytes SQL> alter database mount standby database; Database altered. SQL> ALTER DATABASE RECOVER MANAGED STANDBY DATABASE DISCONNECT FROM SESSION; Database altered. |
在备用节点(在primary主机上)
先将primary此时的initoracle.ora恢复为以前是primary时的参数。
SQL> alter database commit to switchover to primary; Database altered. SQL> shutdown immediate; ORA-01507: database not mounted ORACLE instance shut down. SQL> startup pfile=/home/oracle/product/9.2.0/dbs/initoracle.ora; ORACLE instance started. Total System Global Area 135337420 bytes Fixed Size 452044 bytes Variable Size 109051904 bytes Database Buffers 25165824 bytes Redo Buffers 667648 bytes Database mounted. Database opened. |
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