[B]第一部分、SQL&PL/SQL[/B]
[Q]怎么样查询特殊字符，如通配符%与_
[A]select * from table where name like 'A\_%' escape '\'
[Q]如何插入单引号到数据库表中
[A]可以用ASCII码处理，其它特殊字符如&也一样，如
insert into t values('i'||chr(39)||'m'); -- chr(39)代表字符'
或者用两个单引号表示一个
or insert into t values('I''m'); -- 两个''可以表示一个'
[Q]怎样设置事务一致性
[A]set transaction [isolation level] read committed; 默认语句级一致性
set transaction [isolation level] serializable;
read only; 事务级一致性
[Q]怎么样利用游标更新数据
[A]cursor c1 is
select * from tablename
where name is null for update [of column]
……
update tablename set column = ……
where current of c1;
[Q]怎样自定义异常
[A] pragma_exception_init(exception_name,error_number);
如果立即抛出异常
raise_application_error(error_number,error_msg,true|false);
其中number从-20000到-20999，错误信息最大2048B
异常变量
SQLCODE 错误代码
SQLERRM 错误信息
[Q]十进制与十六进制的转换
[A]8i以上版本：
to_char(100,'XX')
to_number('4D','XX')
8i以下的进制之间的转换参考如下脚本
create or replace function to_base( p_dec in number, p_base in number )
return varchar2
is
l_str varchar2(255) default NULL;
l_num number default p_dec;
l_hex varchar2(16) default '0123456789ABCDEF';
begin
if ( p_dec is null or p_base is null ) then
return null;
end if;
if ( trunc(p_dec) <> p_dec OR p_dec < 0 ) then
raise PROGRAM_ERROR;
end if;
loop
l_str := substr( l_hex, mod(l_num,p_base)+1, 1 ) || l_str;
l_num := trunc( l_num/p_base );
exit when ( l_num = 0 );
end loop;
return l_str;
end to_base;
/
create or replace function to_dec
( p_str in varchar2,
p_from_base in number default 16 ) return number
is
l_num number default 0;
l_hex varchar2(16) default '0123456789ABCDEF';
begin
if ( p_str is null or p_from_base is null ) then
return null;
end if;
for i in 1 .. length(p_str) loop
l_num := l_num * p_from_base + instr(l_hex,upper(substr(p_str,i,1)))-1;
end loop;
return l_num;
end to_dec;
/
[Q]能不能介绍SYS_CONTEXT的详细用法
[A]利用以下的查询，你就明白了
select
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','TERMINAL') terminal,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','LANGUAGE') language,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','SESSIONID') sessionid,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','INSTANCE') instance,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','ENTRYID') entryid,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','ISDBA') isdba,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','NLS_TERRITORY') nls_territory,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','NLS_CURRENCY') nls_currency,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','NLS_CALENDAR') nls_calendar,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','NLS_DATE_FORMAT') nls_date_format,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE') nls_date_language,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','NLS_SORT') nls_sort,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','CURRENT_USER') current_user,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','CURRENT_USERID') current_userid,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','SESSION_USER') session_user,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','SESSION_USERID') session_userid,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','PROXY_USER') proxy_user,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','PROXY_USERID') proxy_userid,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','DB_DOMAIN') db_domain,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','DB_NAME') db_name,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','HOST') host,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','OS_USER') os_user,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','EXTERNAL_NAME') external_name,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','IP_ADDRESS') ip_address,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','NETWORK_PROTOCOL') network_protocol,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','BG_JOB_ID') bg_job_id,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','FG_JOB_ID') fg_job_id,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','AUTHENTICATION_TYPE') authentication_type,
SYS_CONTEXT('USERENV','AUTHENTICATION_DATA') authentication_data
from dual
[Q]怎么获得今天是星期几，还关于其它日期函数用法
[A]可以用to_char来解决，如
select to_char(to_date('2002-08-26','yyyy-mm-dd'),'day') from dual;
在获取之前可以设置日期语言，如
ALTER SESSION SET NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE='AMERICAN';
还可以在函数中指定
select to_char(to_date('2002-08-26','yyyy-mm-dd'),'day','NLS_DATE_LANGUAGE = American') from dual;
其它更多用法，可以参考to_char与to_date函数
如获得完整的时间格式
select to_char(sysdate,'yyyy-mm-dd hh24:mi:ss') from dual;
随便介绍几个其它函数的用法：
本月的天数
SELECT to_char(last_day(SYSDATE),'dd') days FROM dual
今年的天数
select add_months(trunc(sysdate,'year'), 12) - trunc(sysdate,'year') from dual
下个星期一的日期
SELECT Next_day(SYSDATE,'monday') FROM dual
[Q]随机抽取前N条记录的问题
[A]8i以上版本
select * from (select * from tablename order by sys_guid()) where rownum < N;
select * from (select * from tablename order by dbms_random.value) where rownum< N;
注：dbms_random包需要手工安装，位于$ORACLE_HOME/rdbms/admin/dbmsrand.sql
dbms_random.value(100,200)可以产生100到200范围的随机数
[Q]抽取从N行到M行的记录，如从20行到30行的记录
[A]select * from (select rownum id,t.* from table where ……
and rownum <= 30) where id > 20;
[Q]怎么样抽取重复记录
[A]select * from table t1 where where t1.rowed !=
(select max(rowed) from table t2
where t1.id=t2.id and t1.name=t2.name)
或者
select count(*), t.col_a,t.col_b from table t
group by col_a,col_b
having count(*)>1
如果想删除重复记录，可以把第一个语句的select替换为delete
[Q]怎么样设置自治事务
[A]8i以上版本，不影响主事务
pragma autonomous_transaction;
……
commit|rollback;
[Q]怎么样在过程中暂停指定时间
[A]DBMS_LOCK包的sleep过程
如：dbms_lock.sleep(5);表示暂停5秒。
[Q]怎么样快速计算事务的时间与日志量
[A]可以采用类似如下的脚本
DECLARE
start_time NUMBER;
end_time NUMBER;
start_redo_size NUMBER;
end_redo_size NUMBER;
BEGIN
start_time := dbms_utility.get_time;
SELECT VALUE INTO start_redo_size FROM v$mystat m,v$statname s
WHERE m.STATISTIC#=s.STATISTIC#
AND s.NAME='redo size';
--transaction start
INSERT INTO t1
SELECT * FROM All_Objects;
--other dml statement
COMMIT;
end_time := dbms_utility.get_time;
SELECT VALUE INTO end_redo_size FROM v$mystat m,v$statname s
WHERE m.STATISTIC#=s.STATISTIC#
AND s.NAME='redo size';
dbms_output.put_line('Escape Time:'||to_char(end_time-start_time)||' centiseconds');
dbms_output.put_line('Redo Size:'||to_char(end_redo_size-start_redo_size)||' bytes');
END;
[Q]怎样创建临时表
[A]8i以上版本
create global temporary tablename(column list)
on commit preserve rows; --提交保留数据 会话临时表
on commit delete rows; --提交删除数据 事务临时表
临时表是相对于会话的，别的会话看不到该会话的数据。
[Q]怎么样在PL/SQL中执行DDL语句
[A]1、8i以下版本dbms_sql包
2、8i以上版本还可以用
execute immediate sql;
dbms_utility.exec_ddl_statement('sql');
[Q]怎么样获取IP地址
[A]服务器(817以上)：utl_inaddr.get_host_address
客户端：sys_context('userenv','ip_address')
[Q]怎么样加密存储过程
[A]用wrap命令，如（假定你的存储过程保存为a.sql）
wrap iname=a.sql
PL/SQL Wrapper: Release 8.1.7.0.0 - Production on Tue Nov 27 22:26:48 2001
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